Grammar about Reported speech
آموزش گرامر متوسط نقل قول مستقیم و غیر مستقیم در زبان انگلیسی
Reported (or Indirect) Speech
Reported (or indirect) speech
Use reported speech to report what another person said.
از این گرامر برای نقل قول استفاده می کنیم. یعنی وقتی می خواهیم به یک نفرحرف یک نفر دیگر را بگوییم.
We often use “said” or “told” to report what another person said.
We can use “that” after “said” or “told”
The tense of the verb changes as follow.
می توان گفت کهتقریبا زمان فعل در نقل قول مستقیم، یک زمان به عقب باز می گردد.
| Direct speech | Reported speech | توضیحات |
|---|---|---|
| Simple present | Simple past | اگر فعل اصلی در جمله حال ساده باشد باید در نقل قول آن را به گذشته ی ساده تبدیل کنیم. |
| “I like pizza.” | He said that he liked pizza. | |
| “I love you.” | He told me that he loved me. | |
| “I am happy.” | He said he was happy. |
| Present continuous | Past continuous | توضیحات |
|---|---|---|
| “I am washing my car.” | He said he was washing his car. | اگر فعل در جمله ی نقلقول مستقیم حال استمراری باشد باید آن را در نقلقول غیر مستقیم به حالت گذشته ی استمراری تبدیل کنیم. |
| “We are playing poker.” | They said they were playing poker. |
| Past simple | Past perfect | توضیحات |
|---|---|---|
| “I was in India.” | He said he had been in India. | اگر فعل در جمله ی نقل قول مستقیم گذشته ی ساده باشد باید به گذشته ی کامل تبدیل شود. |
| “I went to school yesterday.” | He told me that he had gone to school that day |
| Present perfect | Past perfect | توضیحات |
|---|---|---|
| “I have been a teacher since 1389.” | He said he had been a teacher since 1389. | اگر فعل در جمله ی نقل قول مستقیم حال کامل باشد باید به گذشته ی کامل تبدیل شود. فعل گذشته ی ساده و حال کامل به یک فعل تبدیل می شود. |
| “We have studied English for a long time. “ | He said they had studied English for a long time. |
| Past continuous | Past perfect continuous | توضیحات |
|---|---|---|
| “I was driving fast.” | He said he had been driving fast. | فعل گذشته ی استمراری به گذشته ی کامل استمراری تبدیل می شود. |
| “We were waiting for her.” | He said they had been waiting for her. |
| will | Would |
|---|---|
| “I will call you.” | He said he would call me. |
| Can | could |
|---|---|
| “I can play the guitar.” | He said he could play the guitar. |
When the you want to report a ‘yes-no question’ you need to use ‘if, whether or not, whether….. or not’. The change of tense is the same as the previous part.
برای گزارش کردن سوالات "بلی و خیر" باید به شکل زیر عمل کرد. فعل به صورت حالت قبل تغییر می کند.
| Direct | Indirect | rules |
|---|---|---|
| Are you married? | He asked me if I was married. He asked me whether I was married or not. He asked me whether or not I was married. | 1- می بینید که در تمام جملات گزارشی فعل کمکی حذف شده است. 2- حالت سوالی به حالت جمله ی خبری تغییر یافته است. جمله ی سوالی: فعل کمکی + فاعل+ فعل جمله خبری: فاعل + فعل 3- در انتهای جمله ی گزارشی حتی اگر سوالی را گزارش کرده باشیم باید از نقطه استفاده کنیم. نه علامت سوال. |
| Did she like the food? | He asked if she had liked the food. | |
| Have you ever got lost? | She asked me if I had got lost? | |
| Were you playingwhen I called? | He asked if I had been playing when he called. | |
| Can you swim? | He asked whether I could swim. |
Note that in reported speech the form of question is changed to the form of statement. And at the end we need a full stop not a question mark.
توجه داشته باشید که وقتی می خواهید سوال را گزارش کنید اولا باید در حالت گزارش، حالت سوالی را به حالت جمله ی خبری تغییر بدهید و دوما در انتهای جمله ی گزارش نباید علامت سوال باشد.
| Direct | indirect | rule |
|---|---|---|
| What is your name? | He asked what my name was. | در این حالت نیز باید ابتدا فعل کمکی را حذف کنیم. سپس کلمه ی پرسشی مربوطه را استفاده کنیم. بعد حالت جمله ی سوالی را به جمله ی خبری تغییر دهیم و در آخر علامت سوال را با نقطه عوض می کنیم.
|
| Where were you yesterday? | She asked where I had been the previous day. | |
| What have you been doing? | He asked what I had been doing. | |
| Where did you work? | He asked where I had worked. | |
| When were you born? | He asked when I had been born. | |
| What can you do? | He asked what I could do. |
“That” after reported verb is optional. He told me (that) he needed to go.
After “said” we don’t use a pronoun. He said me he needed to go.
After “told” we need a pronoun.
The reporting verbs are as follow:
| 1 | 2 | 3 |
|---|---|---|
| State | Declared | Remark |
| Mentioned | Inform | Report |
| Announce | Respond | Reply |
| Promise | Indicate | Point out |
| Worry | Admit | Complain |
| Confess | Claim | Remind |
| Notify | Notice | Believer |
برای دسترسی به دروس بیشتر به لینک زیر مراجعه کنید.
لغات زبان انگلیسی به تفکیک موضوع
درک مطلب از سطح مبتدی تا پیشرفته
تمامی موضوعات آیلتس اسپیکینگ پارت یک، دو و سه همراه با جواب
He said to her, "Are you coming to the party?"
"Please don't go away", she said.
He said to them, "Don't make a noise."
My friend said to me, "Has your father returned from Calcutta"
Rajesh said, "I bought a car yesterday."
He says, "They will hurt you".
Write the reported speech.
"He works in a bank."
She told me, ....... .
"I'm coming!"
She said she ....... .
"Why is Ali sad?"
He asked me ....... .
"Do you like chocolate?"
She asked him ....... .
