B2 grammar about Relative clauses
گرامر پیشرفته درباره ی Relative clauses به همراه آزمون آنلاین و توضیحات کامل
Relative clauses
Relative clauses give extra information about something or someone in the main clause.
A
Defining relative clauses
Defining relative clauses contain information which is essential for our understanding of the whole sentence.
The man who normally comes to clean our windows is on holiday this month.
He's got a computer program which translates texts from Spanish into English.
In each case, the relative clause identifies which person or thing is being talked about.
Features of defining relative clauses
No commas are required either at the beginning or the end of the relative clause.
| For people | For things |
|---|---|
| subject | subject |
| who/that | which/that |
| For people | For things |
|---|---|
| Object | Object |
| who/that/whom | which/that |
| For people | For things |
|---|---|
| Possessive | Possessive |
| whose | whose |
* whom is more formal than who
The relative pronoun can be omitted if it is the object of the verb in the relative clause.
I'm enjoying the book (whichlthat) you lent me.
The relative pronoun cannot be omitted if it is the subject of the verb in the relative clause.
That's the shop assistant who/that served me the last time I came here.
B
Non-defining relative clauses
Non-defining relative clauses contain information which is not essential for our understanding of the sentence.
We can identify which person or thing is being talked about without the information in the relative clause.
Their new house, which has five bedrooms and a games room, is much larger than their previous one.
At the party she spoke to Mr. Peterson, whose father owned the company she worked for.
Features of non-defining relative clauses
Commas are required both at the beginning and the end of the relative clause (except when the end of the relative clause is also the end of the sentence).
That cannot be used in place of who or which
No commas are required either at the beginning or the end of the relative clause.
| For people | For things |
|---|---|
| subject | subject |
| who | which |
| For people | For things |
|---|---|
| Object | Object |
| who/whom | which |
| For people | For things |
|---|---|
| Possessive | Possessive |
| whose | whose |
Relative pronouns cannot be omitted from non-defining relative clauses.
Her maths teacher, who/whom everyone in the class adored, announced that he was leaving the school.
Non-defining relative clauses are more common in written English.
Which can be used in non-defining relative clauses to refer to a whole clause.
No one phoned him on his birthday, which made him feel rather depressed.
C
Relative clauses and prepositions
1 Prepositions usually come at the end of defining and non-defining relative clauses.
In defining relative clauses the relative pronoun is usually omitted.
The town I grew up in has changed a lot since I left.
In non-defining relative clauses the relative pronoun is never omitted.
Keith Rolf, who I used to work with, lives in Paris now.
2 In more formal English, prepositions often come before the relative pronouns whom for people and which for things (in which case the pronoun cannot be omitted).
We shall be visiting the room in which Turner painted some of his greatest works.
The head waiter, to whom we addressed our complaint, was not particularly helpful.
D
Relative adverbs: where, when and why
Where, when and why can be used in relative clauses after nouns which refer to a place (where), a time (when) or a reason (why).
Where has the meaning 'in/at which'
Defining: They've booked a week in that campsite where we stayed last year.
Non-defining: She's in Southlands Hospital, where you were born.
When has the meaning 'on/in which'
When can be omitted in defining relative clauses.
Defining: Do you remember that day (when) we went to Rhyl and it snowed?
Non-defining: I'm going on holiday in September,when most people are back at work.
Why has the meaning 'for which'
Why can be omitted in defining relative clauses.
Defining: The reason (why) I'm phoning is to ask you for Tina's address.
برای دسترسی به دروس بیشتر به لینک زیر مراجعه کنید.
لغات زبان انگلیسی به تفکیک موضوع
درک مطلب از سطح مبتدی تا پیشرفته
تمامی موضوعات آیلتس اسپیکینگ پارت یک، دو و سه همراه با جواب
Choose the best relative pronoun to complete each sentence. If there is none required, put "X"
1 It was Wilson gave me the old map and he had found it in a old junk shop.
2 My uncle apologised for his insult, we accepted gracefully.
3 Hank put the keys down on the table was in the kitchen.
4 Much your father left in his will is going to your mother.
5 Unfortunately, the car hit the dog I love so much and it was killed.
6 That car, owner was arrested by the police, has been parked there ever since.
7 There are several reasons for the closure of the school, most of have already been explained fully.
8 This was the room we first met and spoke. Do you remember?
1. I cannot remember the reason ....... he wanted us to leave.
2. She's the most hard-working student ....... I've ever had.
3. The company gave a promotion to John, ....... department performed best last year.
4. I didn't get a pay raise, but this was not the reason ....... I left.
5. I went to the party ....... I was going to see Mark.
6. We don't know all the guests ....... were invited to the party.
7. Do you know the man ....... lives across the street?
8. The party ....... was organized by Mary gave us much pleasure.
Fill in the correct relative pronoun.
Possible careers in music
