FCE grammar about hypothesis
چگونه درباره ی نظریه ها در سطح اف سی ای صحبت کنیم
Vocabulary 2: Paraphrasing and recording
1 a In 1-8 below, complete each gap with one word so that the second sentence has the same meaning as the first. The second sentence is taken from the reading text on page 169. There is an example at the beginning (0). Do the exercise without looking at the reading text on page 169.
0 Don't abandon hope.
Don't give up hope . [subheading]
1 [Damien Hirst] gave contemporary art a new look.
[Damien Hirst] the face of contemporary art. [ 4]
2 An unnamed American collector bought his four-metre shark for £6.5 million.
His four-metre shark £6.5 million when it was sold to an unnamed American collector. [8-10]
3 The controversy surrounding Damien Hirst's work makes you wonder whether or not it constitutes art.
The controversy surrounding Damien Hirst's work the question of whether or not it constitutes art. [23-24]
4 Some people have a very clear opinion.
For some, there is absolutely no . [25]
5 He doesn't mind admitting that he uses assistants to do most of his spot-paintings.
He admits to using assistants to do most of his spot-paintings. [ 42-43]
6 In recent years Hirst has started doing different things and accepted new challenges.
In recent years Hirst has out and on new challenges . [S 1-52]
7 There was a lot of interest and excitement when the work was first shown.
The work caused a when it was first shown. [C]
8 People have criticized the artist for his use of real animals.
The artist has in for criticism for his use of real animals. [F]
b Check your answers in the reading text on page 169. The numbers in brackets refer to the lines in the text; the letters refer to the missing sentences.
2 Paraphrase the following sentences from the reading text and record both sentences in your vocabulary notebook. You do not need to change every word in the sentence. The first one has been done for you.
0 Damien Hirst is generally considered to be the most successful artist alive. [1-2]
Most people think he is the most successful artist alive.
1 Animal rights activists objected strongly to his Amazing Revelations. [15-16]
2 In 1994 Away from the Flock became the focus of attention. [17-18]
3 He is said to have painted only five himself. [ 45]
4 There is nothing new about artists getting others to do some of the work for them [46-47]
5 It is his art for which he will be best remembered. [55-56]
Language focus 1: Hypothetical situations
A Wishes
1 The reading text began with this sentence:
Have you ever thought, 'I wish I could be an artist'?
We use wish (or for more emphasis if only) to express how we would like things to be different if we had the power to change them.
2 Look at the following sentences and then complete each of the three rules below with words from the box.
1 I wish it wasn't/weren't so cold here in winter.
2 If only I had more time to study.
3 I wish you'd stop interrupting me!
4 I wish he wouldn't drive so fast.
5 I wish I hadn't gone to see that boring play last night.
6 If only you'd told me earlier.
would the past perfect the past simple
a We use wish/if only + to express wishes about present states.
b We use wish/if only + to express irritation at other people's actions or behaviour.
c We use wish/if only + to express wishes and regrets about the past.
3 a The following sentence would sound strange. Reword it to make it sound more natural.
I wish I would give up smoking.
b What is the difference in meaning between these sentences?
I wish she could come to my party on Saturday.
I hope she can come to my party on Saturday.
Check your ideas in section A on page 220 of the Grammar reference and read more about expressing wishes.
4 In 1-5 below, underline the correct alternative in each sentence.
1 I wish I coufdlwou/d/did remember where I put my glasses.
2 I wish I don't/didn't/won't have to do so much homework. I never have any time to myself.
3 The car has broken down again! I'm beginning to wish we wouldn't buy/didn't buy/hadn't bought it.
4 I wish they didn't/would/had turn their music down next door. I can't hear myself think.
5 If only you'll listen/you'd have listened/you'd listened to me! None of this would have happened.
5 In 1-5 below, complete each gap with the correct form of the verb in brackets.
1 What glorious sunshine! I bet you wish you (be) on the beach right now, don't you?
2 I wish you two (stop) shouting! You're driving me mad!
3 It has rained every day of this holiday. If only we (go) to Greece instead!
4 I can't afford to buy any new clothes. If only I (have) a job!
5 One minute you want to come, the next minute you don't.
I wish you (make) up your mind!
B It's time and would rather
1 Choose the correct alternative in the following sentences.
1 I'd rather you didn't/wouldn't/don't bring a mobile phone to school.
2 It's time you went/will go/go to bed now.
Check your ideas in sections B and C of the Grammar reference on page 220 and read more about it's time and would rather.
2 You have decided to spend the day complaining, telling different people how you would like them to change! The people you are going to speak to are:
- your mother or father
- your brother, sister or cousin
- your best friend
- a neighbour
- the leader of your country
- another person of your choice
Write one sentence for each person beginning with one of the following phrases:
I wish you ...
It's time you ... .
I'd rather you ... .
Then compare your sentences with those that your partner has written. Are you unhappy about any of the same things?
