آزمون اسفند ماه 96 ept

Section One: Vocabulary

Read each statement below carefully and fill in the blank(s) with the best answer
(1, 2, 3, 4)

Section Two: Structure Part One

Read the following sentences. In each sentence. choose the number of the underlined word or group of words that is NOT correct.

Section Two: Structure Part Two

In each of the following sets of sentences, three sentences are grammatically correct and one sentence is not grammatical. Identify the incorrect sentence and mark your answer sheet.

Section Three: Reading Comprehension

Directions: Read the passages and choose the one best answer, (1) , (2), (3) or ( 4), for each question.

Passage 1

Anybody who does not know much about nanotechnology should begin with geckos. Geckos are lizards and are probably the world's best climbers. Watching them climb upside down on a horizontal pane of glass, you realize that Spider-man should really have been called gecko man.

With perfect ease, they can hang from a single toe, and they do so by pure adhesion, not by sticking a toe in a hole or by curling it round something, they can grip. With all the toes on the glass, scientists estimate that if the rest of the body were strong enough it could take the weight of a 100kg person suspended below it. Although each toe is equipped with a tiny hook like claw at the end, these are of no use on the glass. What keeps them up there is the amazing structure of the skin of the toe. Seen under the microscope each toe bas around two million tiny hairs on its underside. Under the higher magnification of an electron microscope, the end of each of these hairs is seen to split into hundreds of even tinier nano-hairs, which scientist have called spatulae. These hairs are so small that they are able to establish contact with the molecular structure of the surface the gecko is walking on. With the nearperfect contact, the hairs are stuck to the surface by electromagnetic forces called van der Waals forces. The molecules on the feet and on the surface have areas of slight positive or negative charge that attract each other like mini magnets when they get close.

Scientists have been working for over 15 years now to try to unlock the secrets of the stickiness of gecko toes and find a way to artificially reproduce the same structure of nano-hairs. The hypothesis now is that if any material can be shaped into nano-hairs, they will have the same properties as those on gecko toes, so scientists are looking for an alternative material with which to manufacture the stickiest synthetic surface ever.

Passage 2

Scientists know many things about the Sun. The Sun is more than 4 ½ billion years old. It may seem small, but that is because it is so far away. It is about 150 million kilometers away from the Earth. The Sun is so large that its diameter is I 09 times the Earth's diameter. The Sun also weights as much as 333,000 Earth. It is made up of gases: 75% hydrogen and 25% helium. The surface of the Sun is about 5,600 degree Celsius. The Sun's core is even hotter and the temperature reaches about 15 million Celsius. The Sun is the center of our Solar System. Besides the Sun, the Solar System is made up of the planets, moons, asteroid belt, comets, meteors, and other objects. The Earth and other planets revolve around the Sun. Without the Sun, there would be only darkness and our planet would be very cold and be without liquid water. Our planet would also be without people, animals, and plants because these things need sunlight and water to live.

The Sun also gives out dangerous ultraviolet light, which causes sunburn and may cause cancer. The Sun is actually a star. It is the closest star to the Earth. Scientists also study other stars, huge balls of glowing gas in the sky. There are over 200 billion stars in the sky. Some are much larger than the Sun and others are smaller than the Earth. They all look tiny because they are so far away from the Earth. This distance is measured in light-years, not in miles or kilometers. (One light-year is equal to the distance that light travels in one year. This is about six trillion miles or ten trillion kilometers!) Stars look like they are twinkling because when we see them, we are looking at them through thick layers of turbulent (moving) air in the Earth's atmosphere. Stars have lifetimes of billions of years. They are held together by their own gravity. Over half of the stars in the sky are in groups of two. Thev orbit around the same center point and across from each other. There are also larger groups of stars called clusters, which make up galaxies. Our Solar System is located in the Milky Way Galaxy.

Passage 3

Marie Curie was one of the most accomplished scientists in history. Together with her husband, Pierre, she discovered radium, an element widely used for treating cancer, and studied uranium and other radioactive substances. Pierre and Marie's amicable collaboration later helped to unlock the secrets of the atom. Marie was born in 1867 in Warsaw, Poland, where her father was a professor of physics. At an early age, she displayed a brilliant mind and a blithe personality. Her great energy for learning prompted her to continue with her studies after high school. She became disappointed, however, when she learned that the university in Warsaw was closed to women. Determined to receive a higher education, she left Poland and in 1891 entered the Sorbonne, a French university, where she earned her master' degree and doctorate in physics.Marie was fortunate to have studied at the Sorbonne with some of the greatest scientists of her day, one of whom was Pierre Curie. Marie and Pierre were married in 1895 and spent many productive years working together in the physics laboratory. A short time after they discovered radium, Pierre was killed by a horse drawn wagon in 1906. Marie was stunned by this horrible misfortune. Hopelessly, she recalled their close relationship and the joy that they had shared in scientific research. The fact that she had two young daughters to raise by herself greatly increased her distress. Curie's feeling of desolation finally began to fade when she was asked to succeed her husband as a physics professor at the Sorbonne. She was the first woman to be given a professorship at the world-famous university. In 1911, she received the Nobel Prize in chemistry for isolating radium. Although Marie Curie eventually suffered a fatal illness from her long exposure to radium, she never became disillusioned about her work. Regardless of the consequences, she had dedicated herself to science and to revealing the mysteries of the physical world.

Passage 4

In the I 6th century, an age of great marine and global exploration, Ferdinand Magellan led the first expedition to sail around the world. As a young Portuguese noble, he served the king of Portugal, but he became involved in a political intrigue and lost the king's favor. After he was dismissed from service by the king of Portugal, he offered to serve the future Emperor Charles V of Spain. On September 20, 1519, Magellan set sail from Spain with five ships. More than a year later, one of these ships was exploring the physical features of South America in search of a water route across the Continent . This ship sank, but the remaining four ships searched along the southern peninsula of South America. Finally, they found the passage they sought near 50 degrees south latitude. Magellan named this passage the Strait of All Saints, but today it is known as the Strait of Magellan. One ship deserted while in this passage and returned to Spain, so fewer sailors were privileged to gaze at that first panorama of the Pacific Ocean.

Section. Four: Cloze Passage

Read the following passage and fill in the blanks with the most appropriate choice.

Passage 1 Ethics are external standards that are provided by institutions, groups, or culture to which an individual belongs. For example, lawyers, policemen, and doctors ... 86... have to follow an ethical code laid down ...87 ... their profession, regardless of their own feelings or preferences. Ethics ... 88... also be considered a social system or a framework for acceptable behavior. Morals are also influenced by ... 89 ... or society, but they are personal principles ... 90 ... and upheld by individuals themselves. Ethics are very consistent within a certain context, ... 91 ... can vary greatly between contexts. For example, the ... 92... of the medical profession in the 21st century are generally consistent and do not ...93... from hospital to hospitabut l, they are different from the ethics of the 21st century legal ... 94 .... An individual's moral code is usually unchanging ... 95... consistent across all contexts, but it is also possible for certain events to radically change an individual' personal ... 96 ... and values.One professional example of ethics conflicting ... 97... morals is the work of a defense attorney. A lawyer's morals may tell her that murder is reprehensible and that murderers should be ... 98 ... , but her ethics as a professional lawyer, require her to defend her ... 99... to the best of her abilities even if she knows that the client is guilty. Another example can be found in the medical field. In most parts of the world, a doctor may not euthanize a patient, ... 100... at the patient's request, as per ethical standards for health. However, the same doctor may personally believe in a patient's right to die, as per the doctors own morality.